分类基础笔记综合整理下的文章

分类 "基础笔记综合整理" 下的文章

8-linux基础-基础命令

linux基础命令：<o:p></o:p>
~]#ls [option][ARG]    #列出指定目录下的文件列表<o:p></o:p>
    -a 显示所有文件（包含以"."开头的隐藏文件）<o:p></o:p>
    -A 除了"."和".."其余都显示<o:p></o:p>
    -d 查看当前目录本身的信息<o:p></o:p>
    -l  使用长格式显示信息<o:p></o:p>
    -i  查看文件的inode号，查看目录的inode号需要同-d移动使用<o:p></o:p>
    -h  以常用单位显示文件大小<o:p></o:p>
    -r  逆序的格式显示<o:p></o:p>
    -R  （--recursive）递归显示，列出当前目录下子目录下的文件目录<o:p></o:p>
    --color=never  #指定无颜色显示<o:p></o:p>
    --color=auto   #自动显示颜色<o:p></o:p>
~]#ls -l /tmp   #长格式显示目录下文件的信息<o:p></o:p>
  1. 文件权限位：drwxr-xr-x.<o:p></o:p>
    - 普通文件<o:p></o:p>
    d 目录文件<o:p></o:p>
    l  软链接文件<o:p></o:p>
    b  块设备文件<o:p></o:p>
    c  字符设备文件<o:p></o:p>
    p  管道文件<o:p></o:p>
    s  套接字文件<o:p></o:p>
  2. 引用计数<o:p></o:p>
    对于目录：代表目录下，一级子目录的个数<o:p></o:p>
    对于文件：代表被硬链接的次数<o:p></o:p>
  3. 文件的所属主<o:p></o:p>
  4. 文件的所属组<o:p></o:p>
  5. 文件的大小<o:p></o:p>
  6. 文件最后一次的访问时间<o:p></o:p>
    atime 访问时间<o:p></o:p>
    mtime 内容改变，只要内容改变ctime一定改变<o:p></o:p>
    ctime 元信息改变，改变不一定会修改<o:p></o:p>
  7. 文件名<o:p></o:p>
~]#cd  /DIR   #切换到指定目录<o:p></o:p>
~]#cd    #进入家目录<o:p></o:p>
~]#cd ~   #进入家目录<o:p></o:p>
~]#cd -   #进入上一次所在目录<o:p></o:p>
~]#cd ..   #进入上一级目录<o:p></o:p>
 
~]#stat FILE    #用于显示文件或文件系统的状态，显示时间戳等元信息<o:p></o:p>
~]#pwd    #显示当前所在路径<o:p></o:p>
~]#mkdir /DIR    #创建目录<o:p></o:p>
    -p 递归创建目录<o:p></o:p>
~]#rmdir /DIR    #删除空目录（使用不多，用处不大）<o:p></o:p>
~]#rm [选项] [文件名/目录名]<o:p></o:p>
    -r 递归删除目录<o:p></o:p>
    -i 操作前进行询问，root用户命令为别名：alias rm='rm -i'<o:p></o:p>
    -f 强制删除<o:p></o:p>
~]#rm -rf [文件/目录]    #不询问，强制删除<o:p></o:p>
    rm -rf /*   #此命令不需要确认，直接执行，需要谨慎<o:p></o:p>
    ext undelte 反删除软件，避免误删除，但是需要安装才能生效<o:p></o:p>
~]#tree /DIR    #树状结构显示目录下所有目录和文件名称<o:p></o:p>
 
文件操作命令：<o:p></o:p>
~]#filefilename    #文件内容类型查看命令<o:p></o:p>
~]#touch /DIR/FILENAME    #修改文件的访问时间，如果文件不存在则创建文件<o:p></o:p>
    mkdir /tmp/test  #创建测试目录<o:p></o:p>
    touch /tmp/test  #改变了目录的访问时间<o:p></o:p>
~]#cat [option]/DIR/FILENAME    #查看指定文件内容<o:p></o:p>
    -n 显示行号，对行进行编号，对文件内容无影响<o:p></o:p>
    -E 显示行结束符<o:p></o:p>
    -T 显示制表符<o:p></o:p>
~]#cat [option]file1 file2...    #连接文件并显示出来<o:p></o:p>
    cat没有跟任何参数时会从键盘读入<o:p></o:p>
~]#tac filename    #将文件内容逆序显示<o:p></o:p>
~]#morefilename    #查看文件分页显示，翻页到行末会自动退出<o:p></o:p>
    空格向下翻页，b向上翻页，q退出<o:p></o:p>
~]#lessfilename    #查看文件（分行显示）<o:p></o:p>
    空格（↓下键）向下翻，b（↑上键）向上翻页，q退出<o:p></o:p>
~]#head -nfilename    #显示文件头几行<o:p></o:p>
~]#tail -n 文件   #显示文件尾部几行<o:p></o:p>
      -f 监听文件尾，不退出<o:p></o:p>
      -c 显示文件尾指定字节数<o:p></o:p>
~]#echo [option]"....."  #回显命令<o:p></o:p>
    -n 禁止自动添加换行符<o:p></o:p>
    -e 允许使用转义符<o:p></o:p>
  单引号：强引用<o:p></o:p>
  双引号：弱引用<o:p></o:p>
  反引号：命令调用<o:p></o:p>
~]#cp 源文件 目标位置<o:p></o:p>
    -r 复制目录<o:p></o:p>
    -p 连带文件属性复制<o:p></o:p>
    -d 若文件是连接文件，则复制连接属性<o:p></o:p>
    -a 相当于pdr，原文件属性完全复制<o:p></o:p>
    -i 询问同名是否覆盖<o:p></o:p>
    -a: --archive 归档，保留文件原有属性，常用于备份<o:p></o:p>
      -a相当于-dR --preserv=all<o:p></o:p>
        --preserv=[ATTR_LIST（属性列表）]<o:p></o:p>
            mode 权限 ownership 属主属组  times-tamps 时间戳<o:p></o:p>
            context 安全上下文 xattr 扩展属性 all 以上所有<o:p></o:p>
~]#mv 源文件 目标文件    #文件移动、若目标为当前目录，则为改名<o:p></o:p>
    -i 询问是否覆盖<o:p></o:p>
    -f 强制移动<o:p></o:p>
    #同一位置下为改名操作，操作对象可以是文件或者目录<o:p></o:p>
~]#alias    #查询命令的别名<o:p></o:p>
~]#alias rm='rm-i'    #定义别名，必须使用单引号<o:p></o:p>
  #别名的优先级高于系统命令<o:p></o:p>
  #在命令行中执行操作绝大多数是临时生效（立即生效），永久有效需要写入配置文件（重启生效）<o:p></o:p>
  #alias别名在/etc/bashrc（全局）中进行定义，但是由于个用户习惯不一样，在~/bashrc定义<o:p></o:p>
~]#ps aux    #查看所有运行的进行<o:p></o:p>
 
·链接文件：软链接和硬链接<o:p></o:p>
·软链接：软链接一定要使用绝对路径，否则在跨目录时会报错。<o:p></o:p>
~]#ln -s 源文件 目标文件    #软链接的权限为777，但是文件的权限在文件上<o:p></o:p>
·软链接的特点：<o:p></o:p>
  源文件和目标文件拥有不同的inode号和block块（存储空间）<o:p></o:p>
  软链接的block只存放源文件的inode号、文件名，并没有实际数据<o:p></o:p>
  通过软链接打开文件修改内容，源文件也会修改<o:p></o:p>
  源文件改名、移动到其他目录后软链接不可使用<o:p></o:p>
  删除软链接，源文件不受影响<o:p></o:p>
  删除源文件，软链接不可使用<o:p></o:p>
  不论源文件的大小如何变化，软链接占用磁盘空间大小不变<o:p></o:p>
  软链接的权限为777，但是实际权限在源文件上<o:p></o:p>
  软链接可以链接目录<o:p></o:p>
  软链接可以跨分区<o:p></o:p>
  软链接的属性（长格式信息）只能在上一级目录下查看<o:p></o:p>
·硬链接：不建议使用，因为没有特别的标识区分<o:p></o:p>
  ~]#ln 源文件 目标文件    #给文件创建硬链接<o:p></o:p>
·硬链接的特点<o:p></o:p>
  源文件和连接文件拥有相同的inode号和block（存储空间）<o:p></o:p>
  修改任意文件，另一文件内容都发生改变<o:p></o:p>
  删除任一文件，另一文件都可以正常访问<o:p></o:p>
  硬链接不能跨分区<o:p></o:p>
  硬链接不能连接目录<o:p></o:p>
  硬链接改名、移动（分区内）后依旧能够访问<o:p></o:p>
 
文本操作工具<o:p></o:p>
    wc、cut、soft、uniq<o:p></o:p>
  ~]#wc [option] filename    #world cuting 统计单词数<o:p></o:p>
    -l  只显示行数<o:p></o:p>
    -w  只显示单词数<o:p></o:p>
    -c  只显示字节数<o:p></o:p>
    ~]#wc /etc/passwd<o:p></o:p>
      #默认显示：行 单词数  字符数（包含换行符）<o:p></o:p>
  ~]#cut [option]  FILENAME<o:p></o:p>
    -d  指定分隔符，如果不指定默认为空格（智能识别单个字符）<o:p></o:p>
    -f  指定显示那些字段<o:p></o:p>
    ~]#cut-d ':' -f 1 /etc/passwd    #提取/etc/passwd文件中的第一列<o:p></o:p>
    ~]#cut -d ':' -f 1,3 /etc/passwd    #提取/etc/passwd文件中第一列和第三列<o:p></o:p>
    ~]#cut -d ':' -f 1-3 /etc/passwd    #提取/etc/passwd文件中的第一至第四列<o:p></o:p>
    #输入时指定什么分隔符，输出时就以什么分隔符输出<o:p></o:p>
    --output-delimiter=STRING    #以指定的字符作为分隔符输出<o:p></o:p>
  ~]#sort [option] [FILE]    #排序命令<o:p></o:p>
    #比较每一行的第一个字符，按ASCII码升序排列<o:p></o:p>
    -r  逆序排列<o:p></o:p>
    -f  忽略大小写排序<o:p></o:p>
  ·sort支持以某个字符作为分隔符，并按某个字段进行排序<o:p></o:p>
    -t  指定分隔符<o:p></o:p>
    -k  指明字段<o:p></o:p>
    -n  按数值大小排序<o:p></o:p>
    -u uniq去重，相同的内容只显示一次<o:p></o:p>
  ~]#uniq [option] FILE    #去重(去重的标准为连续且完全一样)<o:p></o:p>
    -c 统计重复次数<o:p></o:p>
    -d 仅显示重复过的行<o:p></o:p>
    -u 仅显示未曾重复的行<o:p></o:p>
  ·常与sort一同完成文本去重<o:p></o:p>
 
目录管理类命令：<o:p></o:p>
    cd、pwd、ls、mkdir、rmdir、tree<o:p></o:p>
  ~]#ls   #显示当前目录下的文件列表，默认开启了别名，即带颜色显示<o:p></o:p>
  ~]#mkdir [option] /path/to/somewhere    #创建目录<o:p></o:p>
    -p 递归创建目录，即目标目录不存在时创建目录<o:p></o:p>
    -m 创建目录时直接制定权限<o:p></o:p>
    -v 显示创建过程信息<o:p></o:p>
  ~]#rmdir DIR    #删除空目录，只能够删除空目录<o:p></o:p>
  ~]#tree DIR   #列出目录的层级结构<o:p></o:p>
    -L 限制显示层级<o:p></o:p>
    -d 只显示目录<o:p></o:p>
    -P（大）：显示由指定pattern匹配到的路径<o:p></o:p>
 
文件的时间戳管理工具：<o:p></o:p>
  ~]#touch [option] FILE/DIR    #创建新文件（当文件不存在的时候）<o:p></o:p>
    -a 修改访问时间<o:p></o:p>
    -m 修改修改时间<o:p></o:p>
    -t 指明时间戳，同-a/-m一同使用[cc]YYMMDDhhmm[.ss]<o:p></o:p>
    -c 不创建文件<o:p></o:p>
    ·当touch一个文件的时候，文件如果不存在则创建文件，文件存在只修改其时间戳<o:p></o:p>
  ~]#stat FILE/DIR    #查看文件/目录的状态<o:p></o:p>
    时间戳：<o:p></o:p>
    access time 访问时间 atime  读取文件的内容叫访问<o:p></o:p>
    modify time 修改时间 mtime  修改文件的内容叫修改（修改内容元数据一定改变）<o:p></o:p>
    change time 改变时间 ctime  改变元数据叫改变<o:p></o:p>
 
用户和组管理：<o:p></o:p>
    只基于密码的认证机制称为token（没有用户名）<o:p></o:p>
    有用户名和密码通常称为认证：identify（username/password）<o:p></o:p>
    用户的主要作用是实现资源的分配<o:p></o:p>
  资源的分配有三个层次（3A概念）<o:p></o:p>
    Authrntication  认证（识别用户）<o:p></o:p>
    Authorization  授权<o:p></o:p>
    Accouting 审计<o:p></o:p>
  ·对于linux来讲，用户有两类<o:p></o:p>
    管理员：root  ID 0<o:p></o:p>
    普通用户：ID 1-65535<o:p></o:p>
      系统组：1-499   centos 7   1-999<o:p></o:p>
      普通用户组 500+   centos 7 1000+<o:p></o:p>
  ·组用于实现将用户和某一类权限建立关联关系<o:p></o:p>
  ·我们操作计算机是依靠运行程序来实现的，进程十一发起者的身份去获取资源<o:p></o:p>
  ·普通用户的权限决定了cat命令对资源的访问权限<o:p></o:p>
  我们站在用户的角度，linux中的组有两类<o:p></o:p>
    用户的基本主（主组）：组名同用户名，且仅包含一个组：私有组<o:p></o:p>
    用户的附加组（额外组）<o:p></o:p>
linux用户和组的相关配置文件：<o:p></o:p>
  /etc/passwd 用户及属性信息<o:p></o:p>
   ·/etc/passwd七个字段<o:p></o:p>
    用户名:密码占位符:UID:GID:GECOS(用户附加信息):用户家目录:用户默认登录的shell<o:p></o:p>
  /etc/group 用户组及其属性信息<o:p></o:p>
   ·/etc/group 四个字段<o:p></o:p>
    组名：组密码占位符：组ID：以当前组为附加组的用户列表（多个使用逗号隔开）<o:p></o:p>
  /etc/shadow 用户密码及其属性信息<o:p></o:p>
  ·/etc/shadow 九个字段<o:p></o:p>
    ①登录名<o:p></o:p>
    ②加密的密码   $加密算法$salt杂质$加密的密码（$作为）<o:p></o:p>
    ③最近一次更改密码日期  从1970.01.0100:00至密码更改时经过的完整天数<o:p></o:p>
    ④密码最小使用期限<o:p></o:p>
    ⑤密码最大使用期限<o:p></o:p>
    ⑥密码警告时间（快过期）<o:p></o:p>
    ⑦密码禁用期（已过期，但是登录还能够修改密码）<o:p></o:p>
    ⑧账号过期日期<o:p></o:p>
    echo $(($date --date="2018/12/31"+%s )/86400+1))<o:p></o:p>
    ⑨保留字段<o:p></o:p>
  ·密码最长有效期限和密码过期时间以短板为准<o:p></o:p>
  /etc/gshadow 组密码及其相关信息<o:p></o:p>
 
用户和用户组的管理命令：<o:p></o:p>
组分类：组本身没有类型，看不同的用户，确定组的类型<o:p></o:p>
  初始组：用户创建时，为用户指定的第一个组（有且只有一个）<o:p></o:p>
  私有组机制（缩小权限）：创建用户的时候，会先创建一个和用户名相同的用户组，并将该组指定为用户的初始组，保证一个文件只属于一个用户<o:p></o:p>
  公共组机制：系统预先设定的组，该组的GID为100，以后创建的所有用户指定GID为100的组为初始组，用户创建的文件同时属于组中的其他用户（很多linux发行版不再使用）<o:p></o:p>
  附加组：若用户加入到其他组内，则该组作为该用户的附加组（有且可以多个，可以没有）<o:p></o:p>
  GID：组唯一标识号<o:p></o:p>
  ~]#tail -f /var/log/secure    #动态查看用户添加时日志的记录情况，组先创建<o:p></o:p>
  ~]#useradd [option] loginname    #添加用户<o:p></o:p>
    #创建用户的时候会自动创建一个与用户同名的用户组，叫做私有组。<o:p></o:p>
    #linux操作系统禁止密码登录在/etc/passwd文件的第二列表现为"!!"<o:p></o:p>
    -u 指定UID<o:p></o:p>
·[UID_MIN,UID_MAX]于/etc/login_defs配置文件中定义<o:p></o:p>
      ·如果不指定，则按照已存在的最大UID+1进行自动指定<o:p></o:p>
    -g 指明用户所属的基本组，可为组名，也可为GID<o:p></o:p>
    -c 添加用户的注释信息，可以为任意字符，有空格时需要以引号包含起来<o:p></o:p>
    -d 指明家目录的位置，不指定时在/home目录下创建一个用户名同名的目录<o:p></o:p>
      ·如果指定的目录已经存在，则不会从/etc/skel目录下复制模板文件，这些模板文件定义可用户的环境<o:p></o:p>
    -s 指明用户的默认shell，不指定时有缺省值(/bin/bash)<o:p></o:p>
        /etc/defaults/useradd定义了添加用户时的缺省值<o:p></o:p>
        /etc/shell 保存了当前系统下的shell<o:p></o:p>
    -G 为用户指明附加组，可以有多个附加组，使用逗号隔开，所指定的组必须事先存在<o:p></o:p>
    -r 创建系统用户，通常与-s /sbin/nologin一起使用<o:p></o:p>
    -D 修改添加用户的缺省值，直接修改/etc/default/useradd文件<o:p></o:p>
  ~]#groupadd [option] group_name    #添加一个指定用户组<o:p></o:p>
    -g 指定GID<o:p></o:p>
  ~]#gpasswd [option]  GROUPNAME  #不指定选项时修改指定组的组密码（root执行）<o:p></o:p>
    -a username groupname    #将一个用户添加到指定组中<o:p></o:p>
    -d username groupname    #将一个用户从指定组中移除<o:p></o:p>
    -M username1，username2....  groupname    #将多个用户添加到指定组中<o:p></o:p>
  ~]#id [option] username    #显示用户的真实有效的ID和组的信息<o:p></o:p>
    -u 显示用户的UID<o:p></o:p>
    -g 显示用户的GID（只显示基本组）<o:p></o:p>
    -G 显示用户所有组的ID（基本组和附加组）<o:p></o:p>
    ~]#id-un USERNAME   #显示用户的用户名<o:p></o:p>
    ~]#id-gn USERNAME    #显示用户的组名称<o:p></o:p>
    ~]#id   #查看当前用户的信息<o:p></o:p>
  ~]#su [option] [-] USERNAME [ARGS...]    #切换用户<o:p></o:p>
    switch user 切换用户或其他用户身份执行命令<o:p></o:p>
    ~]#su USERNAME    #非登录式切换，不读取用户的环境配置文件<o:p></o:p>
    ~]#su - USERNAME    #登录时切换，会读取目标用户的配置文件（完全切换）<o:p></o:p>
  ·root用户切换到其他用户不需要密码<o:p></o:p>
    ~]#su - USERNAME -c COMMAND    #不切换到其他用户，以其他用户的身份执行命令<o:p></o:p>
    -l 相当于"-",表示登录式切换<o:p></o:p>
 
用户属性的修改：<o:p></o:p>
  ~]#usermod [option] [logname]    #修改已存在用户的信息<o:p></o:p>
    -u 指定新的UID<o:p></o:p>
    -g 指定新的基本组<o:p></o:p>
    -G 制定新的附加组，原来的组将被覆盖<o:p></o:p>
      -G-a 一起使用为追加附加组<o:p></o:p>
    -s 修改默认shell<o:p></o:p>
    -c 修改新的注释信息<o:p></o:p>
    -d HOMEDIR 指定新的家目录（不创建目录仅修改了配置文件）<o:p></o:p>
      -m -dHOMEDIR 创建新的家目录并移动原家目录下的文件<o:p></o:p>
    -l loginname 新的用户名<o:p></o:p>
    -L USERNAME 锁定用户，在/etc/shadow文件密码段前加'!'<o:p></o:p>
    -U USERNAME 解锁指定用户<o:p></o:p>
    -e USERNAME指定账户被禁用的日期，格式：YY-MM-DD<o:p></o:p>
     ~]#usermod -e 2018-12-31 USERNAME   #设置用户的过期期限<o:p></o:p>
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基础笔记综合整理
2018-10-04
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7-linux基础-bash基础特性

bash<span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">基础特性<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·我们执行的命令是依靠shell<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令解释器执行的/bin/bash<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，bash<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是linux<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下的标准shell<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·shell<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">解释器中（命令行）的快捷操作：<o:p></o:p>
         TAB<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">键   <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令和文件的补全<o:p></o:p>
         Ctrl+L    <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">清屏（clear<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）<o:p></o:p>
         Ctrl+U    <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">从光标处删除到行首的内容（剪切）<o:p></o:p>
         Ctrl+Y    <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">粘贴最后一次次剪切的内容<o:p></o:p>
         Ctrl+A    <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">移动光标至行首<o:p></o:p>
         Ctrl+E    <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">移动光标至行尾<o:p></o:p>
         Ctrl+C    <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">强制退出命令的执行<o:p></o:p>
         Ctrl+Z    <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将程序放入后台<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令历史：history<o:p></o:p>
         ~]#history    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看命令历史<o:p></o:p>
         ~]#echo$HISTFILESIZE    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看命令历史的条数<o:p></o:p>
         ~]#!!    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">执行上一条命令<o:p></o:p>
         ~]#!$    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">调用上一条命令的最后一个参数<o:p></o:p>
         ESC+'.'   #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">调用上一条命令的最后一个参数在当前光标处，重复使用回调多个命令<o:p></o:p>
         Alt+'.'    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">调用上一条命令的最后一条参数到当前光标处，本地可以执行，远程不行<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">控制命令历史的记录方式：                                 <o:p></o:p>
         ~]#echo$HISTCONTROL    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看命令历史记录的方式<o:p></o:p>
         ignoredups<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">忽略重复的命令<o:p></o:p>
         ignorespace<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">忽略空格开头的命令<o:p></o:p>
         ignoreboth<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">以上两种方式都生效<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令补全：<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">直接补全<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">敲一次tab<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">键，命令会自动补全（输入部分）<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">列出相关的所有命令（当输入的部分不唯一时）<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当输入不唯一时，连续敲两次tab<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">键，显示所有与输入相关的命令<o:p></o:p>
 #bash<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">根据PATH<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">环境变量定义的路径自左向右在每个目录下搜索，第一次找到的即要执行的命令，找到以后以hash<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的形式存储起来，下一次执行命令先去hash<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表中寻找，需要注意的是，当命令路径缓存后，若是移动位置或者改名，则会报错，并且不会去PATH<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">路径下查询。<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">路径补全：<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将用户给出的字符串作为路径的开头，并在其指定路径的上一级目录下进行搜索，如果结果唯一则补全，如果结果不唯一则给出列表（按两次TAB<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">键）<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令行展开：<o:p></o:p>
         ~  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">展开为家目录<o:p></o:p>
         ~USERNAME  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">展开为指定用户的家目录<o:p></o:p>
         {}  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可承载以逗号分隔的列表，并将其展开为路径<o:p></o:p>
           /tmp/{a,b,c} = /tmp/a /tmp/b /tmp/c<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令的执行状态结果:$?<o:p></o:p>
        ~]#echo $?    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">输最近一条命令的执行状态结果<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序的执行有两类结果：<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序的返回值：执行结果<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序的执行状态结果<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">别名：alias<o:p></o:p>
         ~]#aliasname='value'    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">定义别名，必须使用单引号<o:p></o:p>
           #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令行中设置只对当前shell<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">生效<o:p></o:p>
         ~/.bashrc    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">仅对当前用户生效<o:p></o:p>
         /etc/bashrc    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">对所有用户生效<o:p></o:p>
  Tips<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：写入配置文件不会立即生效，需要重新读取配置文件<o:p></o:p>
         ~]#sourceFILENAME    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">重新读取配置文件<o:p></o:p>
         ~]#.FILENAME    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">重新服务配置文件<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">撤销别名： 
         ~]#unalias <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">别名    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">撤销别名<o:p></o:p>
                   -a<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">撤销所有别名<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">不执行别名，使用命令原有含义的方式：<o:p></o:p>
         ~]#\COMMAND    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将别名转义<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件名通配：bash<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中用于实现文件名的通配机制<o:p></o:p>
         ~]#whatisglob    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看关于glob<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的帮助文档<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·通配符<o:p></o:p>
         *<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、？、[]<o:p></o:p>
         *<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任意长度的任意字符<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">？ <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任意的单个字符<o:p></o:p>
         [list]<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配指定范围内的任意单个字符<o:p></o:p>
           [0-9]  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表示所有的数字，"-"<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为连接符<o:p></o:p>
           [A-Z]  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">大写字母<o:p></o:p>
           [a-z]  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">小写字母<o:p></o:p>
           [^]    <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配指定范围外的所有单个字符<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·专用字符集（不包括范围指定符号"[ ]"<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）<o:p></o:p>
         [:alnum:]  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任意数字或字母<o:p></o:p>
         [:alpha:]  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任意字母<o:p></o:p>
         [:space:]  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">空格<o:p></o:p>
         [:lower:]  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">小写字母<o:p></o:p>
         [:digit:]  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任意数字相当于0-9<o:p></o:p>
         [:punct:]  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">标点符号<o:p></o:p>
  ~]#ls/L*[0-9]*[[:lower:]]    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">以L<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">开头，中间有一个数字 <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，以小写字母结尾的文件<o:p></o:p>
bash<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的I/O<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">重定向及管道<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序：指令+<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">数据<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">读入数据：input<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">输出数据：output<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">标准输入：默认（缺省）从键盘读入，描述符（IO<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）：0<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">计算机识别文件、用户、进程、都是依靠数字（ID<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）来实现的，我们用户看到的是文件名，但内核内部追踪文件时，对打开文件分配ID<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，这个ID<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">称为文件描述符<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">打开的文件有一个fd<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（filedescriptor<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">），程序运行结束时有数据输出，数据输出可以是文件，也可以是屏幕、打印机，所以它应当有一个默认位置。<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">标准输出：monitor<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，监视器  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">描述符 1<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">错误标准输出：monitor<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，监视器 <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">描述符 2<o:p></o:p>
         I/O<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">重定向：不从标准输入读取数据<o:p></o:p>
                                     <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">不从标准输出输出数据<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">改变默认位置即为重定向<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·输出重定向<o:p></o:p>
         COMMOND> new.pos    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">覆盖重定向<o:p></o:p>
         COMMAND>> new.pos   #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">追加重定向<o:p></o:p>
~]#set -C   #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">禁止将内容覆盖输出至已有文件<o:p></o:p>
~]#set +C   #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">允许将内容覆盖输出到已有文件<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·错误的输出是单独的数据流，使用2><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进行重定向<o:p></o:p>
         ~]#cat/etc/fstab >| /tmp/fstab    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">强制覆盖">|"<o:p></o:p>
&>  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">合并数据流，覆盖重定向至一个文件<o:p></o:p>
&>> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">合并数据流，追加重定向至一个文件<o:p></o:p>
         ~]#COMMAND> /path/to/file.out 2&>1    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将2<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（错误输出）覆盖定向到1<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中<o:p></o:p>
         ~]#COMMAND> /path/to/file.out 2&>1    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将2<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（错误输出）追加重定向至1<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·输入重定向：< /path/to/somefile<o:p></o:p>
~]#tr [option] SET1 SET2    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">不支持跟文件，默认只从标准输入接收数据，将SET1<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中的字符按位替换成SET2<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中的字符<o:p></o:p>
    -d  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">如果只有一个字符集，则删除出现在字符集中的字符<o:p></o:p>
~]#tr abc ABC </etc/fstab    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将/etc/fstab<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中内容小写的abc<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">替换成ABC<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，不改变原文件内容<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·'<<' <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">此处生成文档<o:p></o:p>
         cat<<EFO     #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">从标准输入接收数据，以EFO<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">作为输入结束符，打印到屏幕<o:p></o:p>
    cat>>/tmp/test.out<<EFO    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在此处生成文件<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管道：'|'  COMMADN1 |COMMAND2|COMMAND3<o:p></o:p>
         ~]#tee[option] file    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一路输入两路输出<o:p></o:p>
         #tee<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是覆盖输出，可以再管道中截取数据<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">变量的类型：<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">变量的类型决定了数据存储格式，存储空间大小，参与运算种类<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·字符型<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·数值型<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">强类型编程语言：定义变量必须指定类型，参与运算的变量必须符合要求，调用未声明的变量将产生错误；<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">弱类型编程语言：可以不指定（shell<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）类型，默认均为字符型，参与计算时会自动进行隐式转换，变量无需实现定义，可直接引用。<o:p></o:p>
 
bash<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中变量的种类（应用场景或作用域的划分）<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">根据变量生效范围的标准<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·本地变量<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">生效范围为当前shell<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进程的生命周期，对当前shell<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">外的其他shell<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进程，包括当前子shell<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进程均无效。<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·环境变量<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">生效范围为当前shell<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进程及其子shell<o:p></o:p>
         ~]#delare-x    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">声明环境变量<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·局部变量<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">生效范围为当前shell<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进程中模块代码片段，这些代码是指函数。<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·位置参数变量<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">使用$1/$2...<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">来表示，在脚本中调用通过命令传递给它的参数，对应调用第1/2<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">个参数<o:p></o:p>
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基础笔记综合整理
2018-10-03
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6-linux基础-2

<span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">常用命令：<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令提示符：<o:p></o:p>
~]#echo ${PS1}    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示提示符的格式<o:p></o:p>
  [root@localhost ~] #<o:p></o:p>
         root<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：当前登录用户<o:p></o:p>
         @<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：分隔符<o:p></o:p>
         localhost<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：简写主机名  localhost.localdomain<o:p></o:p>
         ~<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：当前目录为家目录<o:p></o:p>
         #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：超级用户的提示符<o:p></o:p>
         $<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：普通用户的提示符<o:p></o:p>
 
~]#echo ${SHELL}   #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示当前系统的shell<o:p></o:p>
~]#cat /etc/shell    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看当前系统下的所有shell<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令的格式（大多数的命令都遵守）<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令 [<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">选项]  [<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">参数]<o:p></o:p>
"[ ]"<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：意为可选项，能省略的原因是由可选项<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">选项的作用：用于调整或启用、关闭的命令的功能<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">短选项"-"<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（单横线）：单个字符，大多数情况下多个短选项可合并，如果多个选项使用空白字符隔开。<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">长选项"--"<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（双横线）：单词、长选项一般不能合并。<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">参数（ARGUMENTS<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：命令的作用对象，参数其实是向命令提供数据<o:p></o:p>
 
Ctrl + C <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：取消命令的执行<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">我们在命令行中输入命令回车时，是提请shell<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序找到键入命令所对应的执行程序或代码，并由其分析后提交给内核分配资源将其运行起来，表现为一个或多个进程。<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在shell<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中执行的命令的有两类<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">内建命令<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：由shell<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">自带的，而且通过命令形式提供<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">外部命令<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：在当前系统中的某文件系统路径下有对应的可执行程序文件<o:p></o:p>
~]#which COMMAND    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看外部命令的位置，如果有别名则显示别名<o:p></o:p>
~]#where COMMOND    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看外部命令的位置，并显示命令帮助文档位置。<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">获取命令的帮助方式<o:p></o:p>
~]#type COMMAND    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可以查看命令的类型<o:p></o:p>
~]#help COMMAND    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查询内建命令的使用帮助<o:p></o:p>
~]#man COMMAND    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查询外部命令的使用帮助<o:p></o:p>
~]#man -f COMMAND    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查询关键字的man<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">章节<o:p></o:p>
~]#witch [option] COMMOND    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示命令对应的路径<o:p></o:p>
         --skip-alias<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">跳过别名，即不显示别名<o:p></o:p>
~]#whereis COMMAND    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定关键字到数据库中查找相应的man<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">章节数<o:p></o:p>
~]#COMMAND --help   #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">获取命令本身自带的帮助<o:p></o:p>
~]#info COMMAND     #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">更详细的命令信息，文档中支持超链接/usr/share/doc/CMD-<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">版本<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序的官方文档<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">发行版的官方文档<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">搜索引擎的使用方法：<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">关键字  site:pan.baidu.com    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定搜索位置<o:p></o:p>
                       filetype:pdf    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定搜索文件类型<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在linux<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中：<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件名严格区分大小写<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件名可以使用除"/"<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">外的任意字符<o:p></o:p>
           "/" <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">根目录，路径分隔符<o:p></o:p>
           <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">不建议使用特殊符号<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件名长度不能超过255<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">个字符<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">所以以点"."<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">开头文件均为隐藏文件<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">·根是逻辑上的概念，根的inode<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">号为2<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，是固定的，自引用的。<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件系统时按名存取的，自上而下的查找方式，末端称为叶子节点<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录：目录是路径的映射<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">路径:<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">绝对路径：从根开始的路径<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">相对路径：对于当前位置起始的路径<o:p></o:p>
~]#pwd    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">打印当前路径，printingworking directoty<o:p></o:p>
"./" <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当前目录<o:p></o:p>
"../" <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">上一级目录<o:p></o:p>
 
$PATH   <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">环境变量，使用冒号分隔的绝对路径，shell<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序搜索可执行文件路径记录在$PATH<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中，从左至右在路径中寻找，以第一次匹配到的为准。<o:p></o:p>
 
hash <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将一段数据提取出一段特征码，任何一个文件只有在第一次才会主动寻找，找到后会记录在一个缓存中，这个缓存其实是内存中的一段空间。<o:p></o:p>
 
shell<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">搜索到的外部命令路径结果会缓存至kv(key-value<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">键值)<o:p></o:p>
         kv<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（key-value<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）键值存储，两个字段，一个作为搜索标准，一个作为结果。<o:p></o:p>
~]#hash    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看已缓存的命令<o:p></o:p>
         #hits  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命中的次数，命令被缓存后执行的次数<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当缓存中的数据因为一些原因发生改变的时候，缓存中的内容会失效（如缓存建立后移动了文件），可以清空缓存解决。<o:p></o:p>
         -d  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">清空指定命令<o:p></o:p>
         -r   <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">清空所有<o:p></o:p>
~]#history    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看、管理历史命令<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户登录后，执行的新命令都会放置在内存的缓冲中，当用户退出时，这些命令就会被记录到历史命令文件~/.bash_history<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中，历史命令有编号。<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">登录shell<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的时候，会读取历史文件记录下的命令<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">登录shell<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">后，新执行的命令只会记录在缓存中，退出时加载到文件中<o:p></o:p>
~]#history -a    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">记录缓冲中的命令追加到~/.bash_history<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中<o:p></o:p>
~]#history -d NUM   #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">删除指定编号的命令<o:p></o:p>
~]#history -c    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">清空缓冲区的命令历史<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">基于命令历史的快捷操作：<o:p></o:p>
~]#!25    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">执行命令历史中第25<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">条命令<o:p></o:p>
~]#!string    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">调用命令历史中最近一个以string(<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">字符串)<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">开头的命令。<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">帮助文档一般为纯文本文件，压缩比较大，因此帮助文档都是压缩文档，一般存储在特定位置/usr/share/man<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下，不同权限的命令分门别类存放<o:p></o:p>
~]#man ls   #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看ls<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的帮助命令<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">到/usr/share/man/man1<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中找到ls<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令的帮助文档，解压缩并调用less<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令打开，解压缩时自动执行的，并且解压缩的文件放在临时目录下，操作同less<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令<o:p></o:p>
    space,ctrl+v,ctrl+f  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">向文件尾部翻屏<o:p></o:p>
         ctrl+b|B    <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">向文件尾部翻屏<o:p></o:p>
   d,ctrl+d    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">向文件尾部翻半屏<o:p></o:p>
         u,ctrl+u    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">向文件尾部翻半屏<o:p></o:p>
         q    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">退出<o:p></o:p>
         G    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">翻至文件尾<o:p></o:p>
         1G   #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">翻至文件头<o:p></o:p>
    enter/e/j/↓    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">向文件尾部翻一行<o:p></o:p>
         y/k/↑    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">向文件首部翻一行<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文本搜索：<o:p></o:p>
/keyword<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（关键字）当前位置向文件尾部搜索   n<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下一个，N<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">上一个<o:p></o:p>
         ?/keyword(<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">关键字)  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当前位置项文件首部搜索   n<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下一个，N<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">上一个<o:p></o:p>
 
         <o:p></o:p>
 man1  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通用户命令<o:p></o:p>
  man2  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">系统调用<o:p></o:p>
  man3  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">库调用（函数库）<o:p></o:p>
 man4  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">设备及特殊文件<o:p></o:p>
 man5  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">配置文件格式<o:p></o:p>
  man6  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">与游戏相关<o:p></o:p>
 man7  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">杂项，不便于归类的<o:p></o:p>
  man8  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管理类命令<o:p></o:p>
 man9  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看内核文件的帮助<o:p></o:p>
 
~]#whatis COMMAND    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看命令属于那个章节，man<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令默认打开排在前面章节的<o:p></o:p>
~]#man # COMMAND    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看指定章节的帮助文档<o:p></o:p>
~]#man -f COMMAND    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看命令有那些章节<o:p></o:p>
 
man<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">手册不一定在/usr/share/man<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下，其他的位置需要手工指定<o:p></o:p>
~]#vim /etc/man.config    #man<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的配置文件<o:p></o:p>
MANPATH/PATH/TO/SOMEWHERE   #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定帮助文档的路径<o:p></o:p>
~]#man -M/path/to/somewhere COMMAND    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">到指定位置下搜索手册<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">帮助文档的段落说明：<o:p></o:p>
NAME  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序的名字<o:p></o:p>
SYNOPSIS  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序简要使用说明<o:p></o:p>
DESCRIPTION  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">功能的详细描述<o:p></o:p>
OPTIONS  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">选项<o:p></o:p>
EXAMPLES  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">示例<o:p></o:p>
AUTHOR  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">作者<o:p></o:p>
[ ]  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可选内容<o:p></o:p>
< >  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">必选内容<o:p></o:p>
a|b  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">多选一<o:p></o:p>
......  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">同一内容可出现多次<o:p></o:p>
{ }    <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用于定界，方便识别<o:p></o:p>

基础笔记综合整理
2018-10-02
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1848 次浏览

5-linux基础-1

linux<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">基础：<o:p></o:p>
Linux<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">简介：<o:p></o:p>
Unix <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：                       <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">硬件平台<o:p></o:p>
AIX            IBM           powerPC<o:p></o:p>
HP-UX       HP             PA-RISC<o:p></o:p>
Solaris      Sun            SPARC<o:p></o:p>
Solaris<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">有个人版<o:p></o:p>
linux<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">诞生于1991<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">年<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">常见的linux<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">版本：<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">内核版本：www.kernrl.org<o:p></o:p>
           <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">主要使用的版本为：2.6.32<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">和3.10<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">版本格式：<o:p></o:p>
           <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">主版本.<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">次版本.<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">末版本<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">发行版：<o:p></o:p>
         readhat<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">系列：<o:p></o:p>
           <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">个人版：Fedra<o:p></o:p>
           <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">服务器版：RHEL(Read HatEnterprise Linux)6/7<o:p></o:p>
         Debian<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">系列<o:p></o:p>
Ubuntu<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的开发支持很友好，是个个人开发者<o:p></o:p>
www.netcaft.com<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看linux<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">等开源软件的行业占比，由此观望行业发展<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">常见的开源软件（GPL<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">协定）<o:p></o:p>
  Apache  web<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">服务器（实现网页共享）<o:p></o:p>
 Nginx    web<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">服务器（实现网页共享）<o:p></o:p>
 MySQL   <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">数据库（SQLserver<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、Oracle<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）<o:p></o:p>
 samba    linux<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">和windows<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">之间的内网文件共享服务器<o:p></o:p>
                      TCP 139/445<o:p></o:p>
                      UDP137/138<o:p></o:p>
 MongoDB  NoSQL<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">数据库（Redis<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）<o:p></o:p>
  Python    <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">脚本语言<o:p></o:p>
PHP       <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">脚本语言<o:p></o:p>
  Ruby      <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">脚本语言<o:p></o:p>
 sphinx     <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中文分词（搜索引擎使用，避免歧义）<o:p></o:p>
 
SQL<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：结构化查询语言<o:p></o:p>
 
Ubuntu<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">内核的版本较高，server<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">版使用的数量也较多<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">新的软件运行在较高的内核版本上，因此也有很多虚拟化的软件跑在Ubuntu<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">上<o:p></o:p>
CentOS|RHEL|Ubuntu|core(google)<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">国内的deepin(<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">深度linux)<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">主机名修改规则参考：地区-<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">应用-<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">编号  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">也可为FQDN<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（完全合格域名）<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">虚拟机中虚拟网卡的地址固定为1<o:p></o:p>
vmnet0<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（桥接）  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">利用真实的交换机进行通信<o:p></o:p>
vmnet1<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（仅主机）  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是在内部创建了一个虚拟的交换机来实现虚拟机与主机之间的通信<o:p></o:p>
vmnet8<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（NAT<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">） <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是在内部创建了一个虚拟的三层交换，用于实现虚拟机连接主机、公网<o:p></o:p>
 
linux<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的两个防护<o:p></o:p>
  iptables(<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">防火墙)<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，对外，对所有的数据包进行过滤<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">临时关闭：iptables-F    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">清空防火墙规则<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">永久关闭：chkconfigiptables off    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">设为开机不启动，重启生效<o:p></o:p>
  selinux<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：行为控制工具（限制用户的行为）<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">临时关闭：setenforce0    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将限制模式修改为警告模式<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">永久生效通过修改配置文件生效<o:p></o:p>
         ~]#sed-i '7s/enforcing/disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config<o:p></o:p>
windows<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">；连接到linux<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的工具<o:p></o:p>
         xshell   <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">上传文件需新建文件传输，取消后悔弹出对话框，put<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令上传<o:p></o:p>
         finalshell<o:p></o:p>
         secure-CRT<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">安装操作系统时应当配置IP<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">生产环境的服务器一般有多块网卡，慎用重启网络服务，会重启所有网卡，网络会断开，但是终端是有反应时间的，因此我们感觉不到<o:p></o:p>
IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的配置（直接编辑配置文件）<o:p></o:p>
~]#vim/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0<o:p></o:p>
ONBOOT=yes    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">开机启动<o:p></o:p>
BOOTPROTO=dhcp|static|none   #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定获取IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的方式dhcp<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为动态获取，需要局域网内有dhcp<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">服务器，static<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">和none<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为静态地址，即手动填写。<o:p></o:p>
IPADDR=192.168.11.10    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定当前计算机的IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">地址<o:p></o:p>
NETMASK=255.255.255.0    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定当前计算机与IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">配对的子网掩码<o:p></o:p>
GATEWAY=192.168.11.2     #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定网关，局域网内传输不需要指定网关<o:p></o:p>
DNS1=8.8.8.8    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定DNS<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，配置DNS<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，必须加数字指定DNS<o:p></o:p>
#<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">配置文件的选项必须为大写，否则不识别，但是不会报错。<o:p></o:p>
~]#ifdown eth0    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">关闭指定网卡<o:p></o:p>
~]#ifup eth0    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">开启指定网卡<o:p></o:p>
~]#ifconfig    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看网卡信息<o:p></o:p>
~]#ifconfig -a    #<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看所有的网卡信息<o:p></o:p>
 
linux<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中文件的三个文件时间：<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">访问时间-atime<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">数据修改时间-ctime<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">状态修改时间-mtime<o:p></o:p>
linux<span style="font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">安装：<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">分区<o:p></o:p>
         1-4<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为主分区号<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">逻辑分区一定是从第五开始编号，因为1-4<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是给主分区使用的<o:p></o:p>
         linux<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下必须存在的分区<o:p></o:p>
           / <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">根分区（够用就行，数据目录应当单独分区如/usr<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）<o:p></o:p>
           /swap <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">交换分区，虚拟内存（windows<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中C<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">盘下的pagebles.sys<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">就是交换文件）<o:p></o:p>
                   swap<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是一个文件系统类型<o:p></o:p>
                   <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">官方建议swap<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">大小为内存的两倍（较老的规定）<o:p></o:p>
             <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">内存小于4G<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">时swap<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">设为内存的两倍<o:p></o:p>
                 <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">内存大于4G<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">时swap<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">和内存持平<o:p></o:p>
                   <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">实验环境，swap<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">不大于2G<o:p></o:p>
           /boot  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">启动分区，200M<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，CentOS 7<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">设置500M<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">真机装机安装操作系统应当安装64<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为，因为32<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">位操作系统只能识别3.1G<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">内存（4G<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">），操作系统占用一部分。<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">网页服务器的目录应当单独挂载，有分区作为屏障有一定安全性，无法直接攻击根。<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">格式化（写入文件系统）<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">挂载（使用已建立的空目录作为文件系统的挂载点）<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改主机名，因为主机名是区分服务器最有效的方法<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">正常安装应选择minimal<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">或者basicserver<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（可以使用setup<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">设置IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">信息）<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">配置IP<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">使用远程工具通过IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">连接服务器<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">家目录下有三个文件：<o:p></o:p>
         /root/install.log  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">记录了系统安装了哪些安装包（包全名）<o:p></o:p>
         /root/install.log.syslog  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">记录了安装过程中产生的事件，添加的用户、组等信息<o:p></o:p>
         /root/anaconda-ks.cfg  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">记录了安装过程（安装模板）<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">注意事项：<o:p></o:p>
         linux<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">区分大小写<o:p></o:p>
         linux<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下一切皆文件<o:p></o:p>
         linux<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">不靠扩展名区分文件类型，但是有一些文件扩展名约定俗成，方便管理<o:p></o:p>
           <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">压缩包: .gz  .bz2 .tar.bz2  .tgz<o:p></o:p>
           <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">二进制包：rpm<o:p></o:p>
           <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">网页文件：.html  .php<o:p></o:p>
           <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">脚本：.sh <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">有颜色辅助管理员，颜色是帮助信息<o:p></o:p>
           <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">配置文件：.conf <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">配置文件字符一个都不能错，否则软件找不到<o:p></o:p>
         linux<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">上所有的外部存储都需要挂载后才能够使用<o:p></o:p>
         linux<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">上移动设备不建议自动挂载，因为当设备不存在的时候，开机会因找不到设备造成无法启动。<o:p></o:p>
         windows<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下的程序不能直接在linux<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下安装和运行。<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">服务器的注意事项：<o:p></o:p>
  1. <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">远程服务器不允许关机，只能重启<o:p></o:p>
  2. <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">重启时应当关闭服务（可能会造成硬盘损坏）<o:p></o:p>
  3. <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">不在服务器高峰时期运行高负载命令（一般在陵城4-5<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">点运行）<o:p></o:p>
  4. <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">远程配置防火墙时不要将自己踢出服务器<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">写一个脚本在定时任务中，内容为每十分钟清空一次iptables<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">规则，防止写错规则将自己阻挡在外<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在我们配置防火墙的时候开启定时任务，如果防火墙生效重写一遍（写入文档中）<o:p></o:p>
  5. <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定合理的密码规范并定期更新密码<o:p></o:p>
  6. <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">合理分配权限（linux<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中权限越小越合理）<o:p></o:p>
  7. <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">定期备份重要数据和日志<o:p></o:p>
         <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">规范操作（操作手册，整理电子文档，按流程操作）<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件系统：<o:p></o:p>
         linux<

基础笔记综合整理
2018-10-01
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1999 次浏览

4-网络基础-IP

URL<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：统一资源定位<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">协议+ <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">域名或者IP:<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">端口+ <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">网页路径+ <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">网页名<o:p></o:p>
http:// <a href="http://www.linuxhobby.top/">www.linuxhobby.top:80</a> /index.html  + (<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">变量，也就是那一堆段七八糟的数值)<o:p></o:p>
 
.top        <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一级域名<o:p></o:p>
Linuxhobby  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">二级域名<o:p></o:p>
www       <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">三级域名<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">我们使用浏览器输入网址的时候，浏览器会默认补全，所以我们输入域名也可以直接访问。<o:p></o:p>
 
IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">地址： 
   <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">主机的唯一标识符，保证主机间正常通信的一种网络编码，，用来确定网络中的一个节点IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">地址，由32<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">位二进制组成。<o:p></o:p>
 
IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">地址的分类：<o:p></o:p>
 
A<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">类地址： 
    <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">前八位（二进制）以0<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">开头的IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">地址<o:p></o:p>
0000 0001-----0111 1111<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（前八位）<o:p></o:p>
1.0.0.0----126.255.255.255<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">子网掩码255.0.0.0<o:p></o:p>
127<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">段被用于回环网卡<o:p></o:p>
 
B<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">类地址：<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">前八位以10<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">开头的IP<o:p></o:p>
1000 0000---10111111<o:p></o:p>
128..0.0.0—191.255.255.255<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">子网掩码：255.255.0.0<o:p></o:p>
 
C<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">类地址：<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">前八位以110<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">开头的IP<o:p></o:p>
1100 0000—11011111<o:p></o:p>
192.0.0.0—223.255.255.255<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">子网掩码：255.255.255.0<o:p></o:p>
 
D<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">类地址：<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">前八位以1110<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">开头的IP<o:p></o:p>
1110 0000---11101111<o:p></o:p>
224.0.0.0---239.255.255.255<o:p></o:p>
 
E<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">类地址： 
    <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">余下的，以前八位以1111<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">开头的IP<o:p></o:p>
 
IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">地址的组成： 
    IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">地址由两部分组成：网络部分（NETWORK<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）、主机部分（HOST<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任何网段都有两个IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">不能使用，第一个IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">代表网络本身，最后一个IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">叫做广播地址<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">网络位和主机位是由子网掩码决定的<o:p></o:p>
IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">地址和子网掩码不能单独使用。<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">私有IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">： 
  A<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">类： 10.0.0.0—10.255.255.255<o:p></o:p>
        255.0.0.0 <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">默认的子网掩码<o:p></o:p>
B<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">类： 172.16.0.0—172.31.255.255<o:p></o:p>
      255.255.0.0 <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">默认的子网掩码<o:p></o:p>
 
C<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">类   192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255<o:p></o:p>
      255.255.255.0 <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">默认的子网掩码<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">网关称为默认路由，完成NAT<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的转发。<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">骨干网上的路由一定是带操作系统的，这样才能进行自动运算。<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">总结：<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可用IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">分为A<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、B<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、C<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">三类<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">每个类别的IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">地址中有一部分私有IP<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">子网掩码必须和IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">地址成对出现<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">每个网段都有默认的子网掩码，用来区分网络位和主机位。<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">子网划分的原因： 
    <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">满足不同网络对IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">地址的需求<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">实现网络的层次性<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">节省IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">地址<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一般来说，是往小了划分，而不会往大扩。<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">子网掩码换算成二进制，IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">地址换算成二进制<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">子网掩码为对应的IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">地址为网络位<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">子网掩码为零对应的IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">地址为主机位<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">子网掩码的划分： 
    <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">子网掩码只要是连续的1<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">就可用。<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">子网掩码的计算公式： 
 
<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">网络地址<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：把IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">地址和子网掩码的二进制相与，得到的就是网络地址。<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">主机地址：<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">把子网掩码取反后与IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">地址相与，得到的就是主机地址。<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">广播地址：<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">子网掩码中有几个0<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，就把IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">对应位数换成1<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，得到的就是广播地址。<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">网段数：<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在有效子网中，有几个1<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，网段数就是2^n<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">主机数：<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">有效子网中，有m<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">个0<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，主机数就是2^m – 2<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">台主机数<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可变长子网掩码（VLSM<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">），将一个网段划分为不同长度。<o:p></o:p>
VLSM<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">允许把子网继续划分为更小的子网。<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">也就是说把一个网络划分为不同长度的网段。<o:p></o:p>
128<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">个IP 192.168.1.1/25<o:p></o:p>
64<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">个IP 192.168.1.130/26<o:p></o:p>
32<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">个IP 192.168.1.195/27<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">我们还可以将其划分，但是最小限制为4<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">个IP<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">第一个为本网络，最后一个为广播地址，拿一个作为网关，只有一个IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">能够使用。<o:p></o:p>
 
IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">首部格式（IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">数据包格式）<o:p></o:p>
  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">于网络层封装<o:p></o:p>
IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">首部为20<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">字节（160<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">位） <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">但是IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">首部中有可选项，默认是不使用的，但是可能不使用，不在20byte<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中，四个字节为一行，32<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">位。<o:p></o:p>
 
IPv4<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是不定长的，可变的，截取IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">包头的时候会耗费更多的资源。<o:p></o:p>
 
UDP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">比TCP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">更快，因为UDP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是定长的，还因为TCP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在传输过程中需要确认。但是主要还是网络层的IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">封装拆除耗费了大量的时间。<o:p></o:p>
 
<table class="MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="92" valign="top" style="width:69.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">版本（4<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）<o:p></o:p>
 </td>
 <td width="115" valign="top" style="width:86.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">首部长度（4<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）。行<o:p></o:p>
 </td>
 <td width="151" valign="top" style="width:4.0cm;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">优先级与服务类型(8)<o:p></o:p>
 </td>
 <td width="175" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:131.2pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">总长度（16<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）<o:p></o:p>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr> <td width="359" colspan="3" valign="top" style="width:269.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">标识符（16<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）<o:p></o:p>
 </td>
 <td width="76" valign="top" style="width:2.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">标志（3<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）<o:p></o:p>
 </td>
 <td width="99" valign="top" style="width:74.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">段偏移量（13<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）<o:p></o:p>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr> <td width="208" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:155.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"> TTL (8)<o:p></o:p>
 </td>
 <td width="151" valign="top" style="width:4.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">协议号（8<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）<o:p></o:p>
 </td>
 <td width="175" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:131.2pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">首部校验和（16<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）<o:p></o:p>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr> <td width="534" colspan="5" valign="top" style="width:400.3pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">源地址（32<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">） <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">协议中规定了IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的长度<o:p></o:p>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr> <td width="534" colspan="5" valign="top" style="width:400.3pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目标地址（32<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）<o:p></o:p>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr> <td width="534" colspan="5" valign="top" style="width:400.3pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可选项<o:p></o:p>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr> <td width="534" colspan="5" valign="top" style="width:400.3pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">数据<o:p></o:p>
 </td>
 </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
TTL <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">数据包在网络中的生存时间，单位为跳，也就是说每经过一个路由减一。<o:p></o:p>
 
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当数据包大小超过2^16=65535<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">时，接收方因无法处理造成逻辑混乱，死机，这是协议上的漏洞。<o:p></o:p>
 
TCP<span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">协议讲解<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：<o:p></o:p>
IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">地址的分类<o:p></o:p>
   <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">有类网络：有类网络就是把IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">地址能归结到A<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">类、B<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">类、C<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">类IP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">。<o:p></o:p>
   <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">无类网络：无类网络的掩码是变长的，不分A<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">类、B<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">类。<o:p></o:p>
 
TCP<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">协议工作的机制<o:p></o:p>
 
          <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">主机1                              <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">主机2<o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">发送SYN<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">信息（序列号=x<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）--------------------------<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:wingdings;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:wingdings;">à  <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">接收SYN<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">信息（序列号=x<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）<o:p></o:p>
                                         <o:p></o:p>
<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">接收SYN<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、ACK<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-

基础笔记综合整理
2018-09-30
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1883 次浏览

3-网络基础-OSI模型

互联网接入的方法：
1.       拨号方法（猫，调制解调器）
优点：使用电话线上网，不用重新布线
        缺点：慢、56Kbps、贵、而且上网的同时不能打电话，不稳定。
2.       ADSL  非对称数字用户环路（拨号）
非对称数字用户环路，就是下载和上传的带宽是不一样的，下载占大部分，剩下一部分和上传和下载公用。
        优点：相对拨号上网速度较快：8Mbps（理论）
              使用电话线上网
              上网的同时可以打电话，价格合理
          ADSL二代可以达到24Mbps
        缺点：使用电话线，线材极限低。
              动态IP地址
3.       FTTH 光纤入户（拨号）
优点：速度快，光纤是玻璃，制造材料常见
缺点：动态IP，光纤脆弱，需要重新布线
 
企业入网：
固定光纤、固定IP
优点：固定IP，可以搭建服务器
      上下行带宽不受限制
缺点：贵，需要专业的网络工程师维护
 
互联网的本质：资源共享、信息传递
　  　　　                        语法     通信使用的语言
   
协议          语义     表达的意思不能有歧义
 
                 
              同步     接收和发送的速度要相同，否则发送与接收不匹配就无意义
 
ISO  国际标准化组织
IEEE  美国电子和电气工程师协会
 
交换机：负责同一逻辑网段主机的通信
路由器：用于不同网段（跨网段）通信
 
互联网的典型应用：
www：万维网   端口号 80
FTP ：文件传输协议  端口号 20/21
E-mail 电子邮件
    SMTP：简单邮件传输协议  端口号：25  用于发送邮件
    POP3：邮局协议3代      端口号：110  用于收信，只能接受纯文本格式
    IMAP：协议使用更广泛，能支持附件等
URL：资源统一定位
URL格式：协议://域名或者IP:端口/路径/网页文件
    端口是访问服务的通道
 
网页邮箱：
优点：简单，打开就能够使用
缺点：没有实时提醒，但是保存在对方的服务器上
 
客户端邮箱（或者手机邮箱）： 
    outlook  office组件
Foxmail
需要手动配置，服务器信息去mail.163.com或者对应的邮件服务商页面查
     POP3地址
     IAMP地址
优点：实时提醒，邮件可以选择是保存在本地还是保存在服务器。
 
网页服务：
Linux：Apache+MySQL +PHP    LAMP平台
 
Unix：Apache+Oracle+JSP
 
Windows：IIS+ASP+SQLServer
             IIS（Internet information service） wwwroot目录为网站的家目录
网站的分类：
静态网站：没有数据库、程序
动态网站：有数据库，程序（有搜索、注册登录等功能）
        有排序就一定有语言
局域网：
位于同一路由节点内的所有网络是一个局域网。
只要不在控制范围内就认为是广域网。
 
IEEE 802  局域网标准
IEEE 802.3 有线局域网标准
IEEE 802.11 武侠局域网标准
 
生产交换机路由器的厂商：思科、华为、华三
 
网络拓扑结构，在我们维护网络的时候很重要
网络拓扑图就是实际物理连线的示意图。
十进制转二进制：除二取余
二进制转十进制：乘二取幂
 
ISO 国际标准化组织
OSI 开放系统互联
IEEE 美国电子和电气工程师学会
 
网络介质：
ADSL：非对称数字用户环路（逐渐被淘汰，基于电话线）
ADSL可以提供最高1Mbps的上升速率和最高8Mbps的下行速率
最新的ADSL2+技术可以提供最高24Mbps的下行速率，ADSL2+打破了ADSL接入方式带宽限制的瓶颈，使其应用范围更加广泛。
 
非对称数字用户环路：在以往，是将上传、下载占用的带宽平分，而非对称数字用户环路基于用户时下载远大于上传的现象，将大部分带宽用于下载，留下少部分带宽作为双向使用，这样的情况下带宽就得到了极大的利用。
 
ADSL的优点：
使用电话线，节省了布线的成本
上网时可以打电话，节省了电话费
 
ADSL的缺点：
铜线耗材昂贵
带宽限制
动态IP地址，退出互联网连接时IP自动撤销，下次连接需再次分配（自动）
 
网络拓扑：
网络协议与标准： 
    ISO  国际标准化组织  定制互联网协议
IEEE  电器和电子工程师学会  定制局域网协议
 
交换机的作用：局域网内部的数据分发  隔离冲突域
路由器的作用：跨网段的数据分发      隔离广播域
 
广播和广播域
广播：将广播地址作为目的地址的数据帧
广播域：网络中所有能接收到同一个广播所有节点的集合，也就是说，发送数据包整个局域网都能能够收到。
 
路由分割广播域
交换机分割冲突域
 
MAC地址广播：
广播地址为：FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF
IP地址广播：
广播IP地址为IP地址网段的广播地址。
广播：在网络层广播的是IP地址。
泛洪：数据链路层，泛洪MAC地址，泛洪是交换机用于查询未知MAC地址的协议。
广播域：
广播地址：网络层广播的是IP地址
    全网段广播地址：255.255.255.255
    单网段广播地址：192.168.28.255
泛洪地址：FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF    数据链路层
技术没有好与不好，主要是应用的方向。
 
十六进制的一位可以使用四位的二进制来表示，因为四位二进制最大表示的数字为15
 
十进制转换为十六进制时，可以先将十进制转换为二进制，再将二进制的每四位转换为16进制
 
局域网拓扑结构：
总线型
环型
星型
 
以太网简介： 
    以太网采用CSMA/CD----带冲突检测的载波监听多路访问。
以太网采用CSMA/CD避免信号冲突的工作原理： 
         发送前先监听信道是否空闲，若空闲则立即发送数据。
     在发送数据时，边发送边继续监听
     若检测到冲突，则立即停止发送
     等待一个随机事件（称为退避）以后，再重新尝试。
<table class="MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-family:"sans serif", tahoma, verdana,helvetica;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;"><tbody><tr><td width="184" rowspan="2" valign="top" style="width:138.25pt;border:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt;">数据链路表示层
</td>
<td width="184" valign="top" style="width:138.25pt;border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-image:initial;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt;">逻辑链路控制子层（LLC）
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td width="184" valign="top" style="width:138.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt;">介质访问控制子层（MAC）
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td width="369" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:276.5pt;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:1pt solid windowtext;border-image:initial;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt;">物理层
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
 
介质访问控制子层 MAC（802.3）
    将上层交下来的数据封装成帧进行发送，接收时进行相反的过程，将帧拆卸。
    实现和维护介质访问控制协议，例如CSMA/CD
    比特差错检测
    MAC帧的寻址，即MAC帧由哪个站（源站）发出，被哪个站/哪些站接收（目的站）
 
逻辑链路控制子层 LLC 802.2
    建立和释放数据链路层的逻辑连接。
    提供与上层的接口
    给帧加上序号
 
IEEE 美国电子电气工程师学会
    IEEE 802局域网标准系列
    IEEE 802.2 逻辑链路控制LLC
    IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD 访问方法和物理层技术规范
    IEEE 802.11 无线局域网
 
IDC：托管机房（数据中心）
TCP/IP协议族的组成
 
应用层  HTTP、FTP、TFTP、SMTP、SNMP、DNS
传输层  TCP、UDP
网络层  ICMP、IGMP、IP
        ARP（地址解析协议） 把IP地址翻译成MAC地址
        RARP（反向地址解析协议） 把MAC地址翻译成IP地址
物理层  由底层网络定义的协议
ICMP  互联网管理控制协议，主要做网络探测，ping使用此协议
IGMP  网络组管理协议
 
数据的封装过程
应用层                                |上层数据|
传输层                        |TCP头部|上层数据|
网络层                 |IP头部|TCP头部|上层数据|
数据链路层    |MAC头部|IP头部|TCP头部|上层数据|
 
应用层        计算机当中所有的软件
传输层        防火墙
网络层        路由器
数据链路层    交换机（不认识IP）
物理层        网卡
 
网关：局域网的出口，所有的局域网处理不了的数据都交给网关处理，网关路由将内网IP隐藏起来加上公网IP，在公网中传输，成为NAT技术，因为内网IP无法直接访问公网IP
 
 
OSI 七层模型
当今的所有的互联网协议都遵循OSI模型与TCP/IP模型
ISO/OSI模型的七层框架
 
ISO  国际标准化组织
OSI  开放系统互联
IOS  思科交换机和路由器的操作
 
OSI七层模型 
上层协议贴近用户，下层协议贴近物理硬件
下四层用于数据传输，上三层用于服务用户
 
7  应用层--------------应用层协议------------应用层    APDU
6  表示层--------------表示层协议------------表示层    PPDU
5  会话层--------------会话层协议-------------会话层    SPDU
4  传输层--------------传输层协议-------------传输层    TPDU（段）
3  网络层--------------网络层协议--------------网络层    报文
2  数据链路层--------数据链路层协议-------数据链路层   帧
1  物理层---------------物理层协议--------------物理层     比特
 
层  主机1                          主机2      数据单位
 
需要经过网络传输的使用的是ISO/OSI模型
上三层是为用户提供服务 
   应用层
表示层
会话层
 
下四层负责实际数据传输
                  传输单位
传输层     数据段（报文）拆分组装（按要求拆成大小合适的数据包，拆完就下发）
网络层     数据包（报文分组）
数据链路层        MAC帧（数据帧）
物理层      Bit（位）
 
数据包是有特定格式的，不超过65535Byte
越上层越智能，可以识别当前层以及以下的数据，越贴近用户。
越下层越傻瓜，越贴近硬件。
 
数据包也称为报文分组
 
APDU  应用协议数据单元
PPDU  表示协议数据单元
SPDU  会晤协议数据单元
TPDU  传输协议数据单元
 
层之间由接口传递，接口是一个逻辑的概念，下层会为上层提供服务
 
数据发送时，从上到下；数据接收时，从下到上。（OSI七层模型）
数据不能跨层传输，层与层之间通过逻辑接口连接。
物理层负责实际的相连，其它层都是逻辑对应。
OSI模型只是理论模型，不能应对实际协议或硬件。
 
实际数据传输必须的地址：
源端口：随机分配一个没有使用的1000-65535之间
目标端口：固定的服务端口。
SIP（源IP）：本地的，已知。
DIP（目标IP）：局域网（直接询问，广播）   广域网（DNS解析）
SMAC（源MAC地址）：本地的，已知。
DMAC（目标MAC）：计算机（ARP协议查询）    交换机（泛洪查询）
 
只有物理层负责实际的数据传输，而其他的层只是逻辑上的对应。
 
七层模型的功能： 
    应用层    给用户提供一个操作界面
表示层    为数据提供表示（将数据转换成二进制），加密、压缩
会话层    判断数据是否需要网络传输
大多数的应用都需要上三层介入
传输层    按标准拆分组装数据
          协议的选择：
              TCP（传输控制协议）：可靠的，面向连接的传输协议
              UDP（用户数据报协议）：不可靠的，面向无连接的传输协议
          端口的封装，源端口一般为随机端口、目标端口为固定端口
              差错校验
 
网络层    IP编址
          路由选择：静态路由、动态路由
 
数据链路层  MAC编址
 
物理层    数据实际传输
电气特性定义
当计算机接收到数据包后，每一层会将对应的包头拆掉送往上一层。
 
TCP/IP四层模型      TCP/IP五层模型
应用层    ------------------   应用层    http、DNS、FTP
<p style="margin:5px

基础笔记综合整理
2018-09-29
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