按要求生成随机数

``` #!/bin/bash #Version:0.0.1 #Author:stone #Description:create random alpha & number. while :; do echo -n -e "\033[31;1mplease input row:\033[0m" read ROW row1=$(echo "$ROW" |sed 's/[0-9]//g') #将用户的输入进行过滤 if [ -z $ROW ]; then echo "the input cannot be empty." continue #输入不能为空 elif [ "$row1" == "" ]; then break #满足输入条件退出循环 else continue #不满足条件继续循环 fi done while :; do echo -n -e "\033[31;1mplease input column:\033[0m" read COLUMN column1=$(echo "$COLUMN" |sed 's/[0-9]//g') #将用户的输入进行过滤 if [ -z $COLUMN ]; then echo "the input cannot be empty." continue #输入不能为空 elif [ "$column1" == "" ]; then break #满足输入条件退出循环 else continue #不满足条件继续循环 fi done while :; do echo -n -e "\033[31;1mplease input descriptor:\033[0m" read DS ds1=$(echo "$DS" |sed -r 's/([0-9]|[a-z]|[[:space:]])//g') #将用户的输入进行过滤 ds2=$(echo "$DS" |sed 's/[[:space:]]//g') if [ -z $ds2 ]; then echo "the input cannot be empty." continue #输入不能为空 elif [ "$ds1" == "" ]; then break #满足输入条件退出循环 else continue #不满足条件继续循环 fi done num1=0 #用于数组下标 for i in {a..z}; do #将a-z放入数组 alphabet[${num1}]=$i let num1++ done num2=0 #用于数组下标 for j in {0..9}; do #将0-9放入数组 number[${num2}]=$j let num2++ done discription=($DS) #将每一列的描述符放入数组 for i in `seq 10`; do for R in $(seq $ROW); do # for C in $(seq $COLUMN); do #取消循环，在遍历数组时已达到要求 for D in ${discription[*]}; do CL=$(echo $D |wc -L) for CHAR in $(seq $CL); do CH=$(echo "$D" |cut -c ${CHAR}) alpha=$(($RANDOM%26)) #获取字母数组的随机下标 num=$(($RANDOM%10)) #获取数字数组的随机下标 alpha1=alphabet[$alpha] num3=number[$num] eval array1=$(echo \${$alpha1}) eval array2=$(echo \${$num3}) echo "$CH" |grep "[[:digit:]]" > /dev/null if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then LINE="${LINE}${array2}" fi echo "$CH" |grep "[[:alpha:]]" > /dev/null if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then LINE="${LINE}${array1}" fi done LINE="${LINE} " done echo $LINE >> /tmp/${i}.txt unset LINE # done done done ```

•   shell脚本
•   2017-03-19
•   评论
•   3217 次浏览

允许远程登录的白名单

``` #!/bin/bash #Version:0.0.1 #Author:stone #Discription:allow white list. #从键盘获取白名单 while :; do echo -e "\e[33m请输入允许的主机地址或网段，以空格或字母隔开:\e[0m" read IPADDR1 #使用正则去匹配用户的输入 JUDGE=$(echo $IPADDR1 |sed -r "s/([[:space:]]|[[:alpha:]])?([1-9]|[1-9][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])\.(([0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])\.){2}([0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])([[:space:]]|[[:alpha:]])?//g") if [ -z "$JUDGE" ]; then num1=$(echo $IPADDR1 |awk -F '[[:space:]]|[[:alpha:]]' "{printf NF}") for ((i=1;i<=$num1;i++)); do echo $IPADDR1 |awk -F '[[:space:]]|[[:alpha:]]' "{print \$$i}" >> /tmp/whitelist.txt done include /sh/whitelist.sh else echo -e "\e[31;1m你的输入有误，请重新输入！\e[0m" continue fi done ```

•   shell脚本
•   2017-03-18
•   评论
•   3293 次浏览

第二节——linux 初识

<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">对于</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">操作系统，怎么说呢？起初我并没有拿来感谢什么的想法，就是一个劲儿的死磕，从兄弟连的一百多集的教程到</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">高级运维教程，再到铭哥</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，以及</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">相关的课程，当然，还有马哥的详细的教程，除了马哥的教程，其余的都是在腾讯课堂上完成的，嗯，再次感谢腾讯课堂、网易云课堂、</span><span lang="EN-US">MOCC</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">等教育类</span><span lang="EN-US">APP</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，给了我一个学习的机会，我没能在一个梦想中的大学里系统的学习计算机课程，是我的一大遗憾，没能迅速的把握住方向，是对兴趣爱好的渎职。嗯，这是我第五遍的学习</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">操作系统，到目前为止我没有过多的仔细的取尝试假设大的服务，我不知道我为什么和这些基础杠上了，似乎冥冥中有那么一股力量指引着我一遍一遍不厌其烦的学习，记录下详细的笔记，虽然我们能很好的整理笔记。其实我写这些笔记的原因是我了方便自己查阅，当然我更希望看到是的一种可以量化的、看得见的积累，我选择了博客，有些过时的东西，但是对于我来说，足够了。我不是那么一个喜欢花里胡哨的人，但是我又不能接受没有章法的简单。简约风格，比花里胡哨更加需要创造力的一种风格，好像占据了我的审美。好吧，闲聊到此为止，开始说一说，我还不知道能拿来干些什么的</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">操作系统。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">开始记录之前，得声明一下，安装</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的过程就不放了，原因在第一节里面讲过了，就不再赘述，直接开始正文，也就是</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下经典的黑底白字界面，字符界面。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当我们进入</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">字符界面，并成功登录的时候，会看见首部有一长串的字符，使用中括号括起来的‘</span><span lang="EN-US">[root@localhost ~]#’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的字样，我们将这个称之为命令提示符。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"># </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表示为管理员</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">$ </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表示为普通用户</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中管理员是无所不能的，甚至可以直接干掉（删除）操作系统，当然，我并不建议这样做。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:10.5pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令提示符是拿来干甚的？肯定不是让咱们傻傻的看着的，既然是命令提示符，肯定就有命令。是的，在字符界面下，所有的操作都是依靠命令来完成的，命令的格式如下：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:10.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US">COMMAND</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（命令名称）</span><span lang="EN-US"> [options...]</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（选项）</span><span lang="EN-US">  [arguments...]</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（参数）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:10.5pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令：由英文字母组成，大多是英文的缩写，所以命令是需要记住的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:10.5pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">选项：用来调整或者启用、关闭命令的某个功能。选项又分为短选项，使用短横线作为前缀（</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">），长选项，使用两个短横线（</span><span lang="EN-US">--</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">），作为某个单词的前缀。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:10.5pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一般来说，短选项是可以合并的，而长选项不能。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:10.5pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">参数：命令的作用对象，参数其实就是向命令提供数据的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">#echo ${SHELL} </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示当前系统的</span><span lang="EN-US">shell<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">#cat /etc/shells </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看当前系统上所有的</span><span lang="EN-US">shell<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">#echo ${PS1} </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示提示符的格式</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">#which CAMMAND </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看命令的具体位置</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令的格式：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">COMMAND(</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令</span><span lang="EN-US">)  [options](</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">选项</span><span lang="EN-US">)   [arguments..](</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">参数</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令：命令就是我们之前使用的</span><span lang="EN-US">echo</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">ls</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">cat</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">等等，其实就是一个个的小程序的名字，我们要做的就是记住它们。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">选项：选项的作用是调整或者启用</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">关闭命令的某些功能，选项有短选项和长选项的区别：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">短选项：短选项通常为一个短横线</span><span lang="EN-US">‘-’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">跟一个字符，在大多数情况下这些短选项是可以合并的，即一个短横线后跟上多个字符，如果不合并则要使用空格（空白字符）隔开。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">长选项：长选项使用两个短横线</span><span lang="EN-US">‘--’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">跟上一个单词，长选项一般不能合并。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">参数：参数为命令的作用对象，参数其实就是给命令提供数据的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">我们在初次使用命令的时候，很可能会因为少了参数而处于一个退不出去的界面下</span><span lang="EN-US">,</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">比如在命令行下键入</span><span lang="EN-US">cat</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">不给任何参数，就会出现一个很奇怪的现象，能输入，还能回车，但是没有任何反应，不论怎么按就是回不到刚才的命令提示符下。至于为什么</span><span lang="EN-US">cat</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令会变成这样，等我们有一定的基础的时候再做讲解，这里只是说一说怎么退出这个界面。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ctrl + c </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">取消命令的执行，组合键的使用方法就不再赘述，当我们按下</span><span lang="EN-US">ctrl + c</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">之后会发现我们从刚才的界面下退出来了！是不是很神奇？有了这个神器，在以后的学习环境下绝大多数情况下是可以退出的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">我们在命令行下输入命令回车时，实际上上时提请</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序找到键入命令所对应的可执行程序或者代码，并由其分析后提交给内核分配资源使其运行起来，表现为一个或多个进程。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中可执行的命令有两类：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一个是外部命令，什么是外部命令？也就是我们之前使用</span><span lang="EN-US">which</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看命令时能够显示出具体路径的命令，我们称为是外部命令。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一个是内建命令，内建命令是</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序自带的，并且以命令的方式提供给用户，这些命令使用</span><span lang="EN-US">which</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是查询不到具体的路径的，例如</span><span lang="EN-US">#which cd<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">其实我们有更好的方法来实现命令的甄别，使用一个命令来实现：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#type  COMMAND </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看命令的类型</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">我们先来简单讲一讲文件系统：</span><span lang="EN-US"><br />     </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">我们知道在</span><span lang="EN-US">windows</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下文件都是有名称的，即按名存取，在</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下也是这样的，以文件名来进行区分不同的文件，在</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中，文件系统的查找是自上而下的方式，有点像倒置的树状结构，末端的我们称为叶子节点。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">对于一个文件来说，它有两类数据，一个就是它本身存储的数据，另一个就是元数据（</span><span lang="EN-US">matedate</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，记录了与文件内容无关的信息：文件名称、大小、时间等等）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在命令行下有两个特殊的命令：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#./  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当前目录，是的就是一个点</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#../  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">上一级目录，或者说父目录，用两个点表示。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" align="left" style="margin-left:39pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:wingdings;mso-bidi-font-family:wingdings;">l<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件名严格区分大小写：</span><span lang="EN-US">file1</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，</span><span lang="EN-US">File1</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，</span><span lang="EN-US">FILE1</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是不同的</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" align="left" style="margin-left:39pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:wingdings;mso-bidi-font-family:wingdings;">l<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件名可以使用除了</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的任意字符，</span><span lang="EN-US">‘/’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为根目录和路径分隔符，不建议使用特殊字符。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" align="left" style="margin-left:39pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:wingdings;mso-bidi-font-family:wingdings;">l<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件名的长度不能超过</span><span lang="EN-US">255</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">个字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" align="left" style="margin-left:39pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:wingdings;mso-fareast-font-family:wingdings;mso-bidi-font-family:wingdings;">l<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">所有以点</span><span lang="EN-US">‘.’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">开头的文件均为隐藏文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">获取命令的帮助文档：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#help COMMAND</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查询内建命令的使用帮助文档</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#man </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查询外部命令的使用帮助</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#COMMAND  --help</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">或者</span><span lang="EN-US">-h </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">获取自带的帮助</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#info COMMAND </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">获取更详细的命令信息，文档中支持超链接</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">我们还可以到网上获取其官方文档（</span><span lang="EN-US">documentation</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">还可以获取发行版（</span><span lang="EN-US">red hat</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">centOS</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">等等）的官方文档。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">还有什么不懂可以</span><span lang="EN-US">google<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">帮助文档一般为纯文本文件，而纯文本文件压缩比较大，因此帮助文档都是压缩后的文档，一般存储在特定的位置：</span><span lang="EN-US">/usr/share/man</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，在</span><span lang="EN-US">/usr/share/man</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录下，我们可以发现有</span><span lang="EN-US">man1-man9</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的目录，这是将不同权限的命令分门别类存放，当我们使用</span><span lang="EN-US">man COMMAND</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令时，会到</span><span lang="EN-US">/usr/share/man</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下从</span><span lang="EN-US">man1</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">开始寻找，最近的一个便作为结果，找到文档后解压缩至临时目录并打开。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">man1 </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通命令，用户命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">man2 </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">系统调用</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">man3 </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">库调用（</span><span lang="EN-US">c</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">库）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">man4 </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">设备文件及特殊文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">man5 </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">配置文件格式</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">man6 </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">与游戏相关</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">man7 </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">杂项，不便归档的</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">man8 </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管理类命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#man #</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（数字、章节数）</span><span lang="EN-US"> COMMAND </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定查看章节数的命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#whatis </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看命令属于哪几个章节，</span><span lang="EN-US">man</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">默认打开的是排在前面的，也就是说，有些关键字并不是只在一个章节中存在，此时我们就需要指定章节中的手册。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">man</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">手册不一定会在</span><span lang="EN-US">/usr/share/man</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录下，但是</span><span lang="EN-US">man</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令是怎么知道其文档位置？可能大家猜到了，是由配置文件进行配置的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">man</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令的配置文档在</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/man.config</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，使用</span><span lang="EN-US">MANPATH</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">定义</span><span lang="EN-US">man</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">手册的位置。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">MANPATH /path/to/somewhere </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/man.config</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中添加一句定义即可</span><span lang="EN-US">/path/to/somewhere</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为文档位置（父目录），我们现在还没有将编辑器，于是使用命令向其中追：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#echo ‘MANPATH /path/to/somewhere’>>/etc/man.config<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">我们需要知道的是，修改配置文件不会立即生效，需要重启主机或者服务后生效，也有其他的方法，但是此处不过多涉及。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">我们可以使用</span><span lang="EN-US">man</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令直接指定文档的位置搜索手册</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#man –M /path/to/some COMMAND<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">帮助手册中的段落说明：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">NAME </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序的名字</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">SYNOPSIS </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序的简要使用说明</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   {} </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">大括号用于定界，方便区分</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:42pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[]</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中括号中的内容为可选内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   <></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">尖括号内的内容为必选内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   a|b</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">多选一</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   .... </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">同一内容可以出现多次</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">DESCRIPTION </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">功能的详细描述</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">OPTIONS </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">选项</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">EXAMPLES </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">示例</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">AUTHOR </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">作者</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">man</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令解压文档会调用</span><span lang="EN-US">less</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令，其窗口操作同</span><span lang="EN-US">less</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令，</span><span lang="EN-US">less</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令是一个和</span><span lang="EN-US">cat</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一样的文档查看命令，但是</span><span lang="EN-US">less</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令可以翻页查看长文档，而</span><span lang="EN-US">cat</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令不行（如果硬要使用</span><span lang="EN-US">cat</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看长文档也是可以的，但是效果很差）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">space,ctrl+v/V,ctrl+f/F </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">向文件尾部翻屏</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">b,ctrl+b/B  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">向文件首部翻屏</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">d,ctrl+d/D  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">向文件尾部翻半屏</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">u,ctrl+u/U  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">向文件首部翻半屏</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">enter/e/j   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">向文件尾部翻一行</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">y/k        </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">向文件首部翻一行</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">q          </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">退出</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（键入数字）</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">跳转至多少行</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">1G         </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">回到文件头</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">G          </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">翻至文件尾部</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;

•   基础笔记二
•   2017-03-18
•   评论
•   2511 次浏览

第一节——linux开篇

<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">因为是第五遍复习笔记，所以可能没有很详细的记载过程，看此篇内容的朋友需要有一点</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令的基础，笔记的主要目的是方便小弟查阅、复习之用，若能帮助到路过的你，小弟深感荣幸，如果有不当之处，望发邮件指正，因为开放评论会有很多的广告，对此带来的不便小弟深感歉意。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">要学习</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">操作系统首先我们得有一个</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">操作系统的环境，这个环境的搭建我们选择在</span><span lang="EN-US">windows</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">操作系统上进行搭建，借助于虚拟化软件</span><span lang="EN-US">VMware</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，当然我们也可以使用</span><span lang="EN-US">Vbox</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，因为</span><span lang="EN-US">Vbox</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">免费。虚拟机的使用算不上难，从官网下载安装包，像安装</span><span lang="EN-US">QQ</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">等软件一样选择下一步就好，如果有需要，可以选择换个安装位置。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">除了虚拟机，我们还需要准备好</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">操作系统的镜像文件，用于在虚拟机中搭建</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">学习环境。具体的操作方法很简单，因为本博客目前没有打算图文混合编排，空间有限，所以就不上图了，至于文字的描述安装过程，本人自认为还没有达到那样精确描述的高度，故不在此班门弄斧，大家可以在网上搜索虚拟机中</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">操作系统的安装过程，虽然不能贴出像样的过程，但是可以给出镜像的下载地址，是阿里云的，本博客也是搭建在阿里云上的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">linux OS</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://opsx.alibaba.com/mirror">https://opsx.alibaba.com/mirror</a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">这里收录了很多开源的操作系统，本笔记所使用的版本为</span><span lang="EN-US">Cent OS 6.5</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，所以有出入的地方还请指正，本人邮箱：</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="mailto:421466698@qq.com">421466698@qq.com</a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

•   基础笔记二
•   2017-03-17
•   评论
•   2320 次浏览

日系轮替

``` #!/bin/bash #Version:0.0.1 #Author:stone #Discription:httpd logrotate. #日志的轮替不借助cron天计划任务 #思路，单独写一个脚本检测当昨天的日志是否轮替，将轮替的日期写入一个文件，通过grep去过滤当天的日期. #如果过滤不到天的日期则进行轮替操作，并且将时间记录到指定文件，死循环中使用sleep，每小时检测一次。 while :; do [ -e /tmp/httpd.date.txt ] || touch /tmp/httpd.date.txt DATE_YEAR=$(date -d "yesterday" "+%Y") #获取昨天的年份 DATE_MON=$(date -d "yesterday" "+%m") #获取昨天的月份 DATE_DAY=$(date -d "yesterday" "+%F") #获取昨天的日期 LOGDIR='/var/log/httpd' #日志的目录 LOGFILE='access_log' #日志的名称 DATE_YEST=$(date -d "yesterday" "+%F") #获取昨天的格式日期，用户判断日志是否轮替 YEST_VALUE=$(grep "$DATE_YEST" /tmp/httpd.date.txt) #提取之前是否轮替过日志 #判断日志是否轮替 if [ -f $LOGDIR/$LOGFILE ]; then if [ "$YEST_VALUE" != "0" ]; then mv ${LOGDIR}/${LOGFILE} ${LOGDIR}/${LOGFILE}_${DATE_YEST} #日志改名(轮替) touch ${LOGDIR}/${LOGFILE} #创建新的日志文件 echo "${LOGDIR}/${LOGFILE}轮替日志为${DATE_YEST}的日志" >>/tmp/httpd.date.txt #轮替完成打上标签 else echo "$(date) 检测完成，日志已经完成轮替" >> /tmp/logrecoed.log #检测日志是否经过轮替 fi else echo "$(date) 检测发现日志不存在，并新创建了日志。" >> ./tmp/logrecoed.log #日志文件不存在时创建日志 touch $LOGDIR/$LOGFILE fi #判断日志是否切割 if [ -f ${LOGDIR}/${LOGFILE}_${DATE_YEST} ]; then [ -d ${LOGDIR}/${DATE_YEAR}/${DATE_MON}/${DATE_DAY} ] || mkdir -p ${LOGDIR}/${DATE_YEAR}/${DATE_MON}/${DATE_DAY} SIZE=$(du -h ${LOGDIR}/${LOGFILE}_${DATE_YEST} |awk -F " " '{print $1}') #取日志的大小(真实大小) UNIT=$(echo $SIZE |awk -F "[[:digit:]]" '{print $NF}') #取日志大小的单位 VALUE=$(echo $SIZE |awk -F "K|M|G" '{print $1}') #取日志大小的数值 JUDGE=$(echo "$VALUE>10" |bc) #判断日志大小(仅数值判断),单位的判断放在if语句中 if [ "$JUDGE" == "1" -a "$UNIT" == "M" ]; then #判断轮替日志的大小，满足大于10M时切割 #文件的切割 split -l 50000 ${LOGDIR}/${LOGFILE}_${DATE_YEST} -d -a 3 ${LOGDIR}/${DATE_YEAR}/${DATE_MON}/${DATE_DAY}/${LOGFILE}_${DATE_YEST}_ #切割完成后删除文件并将操作记录的文件中 [ "$?" == "0" ] && rm -f ${LOGDIR}/${LOGFILE}_${DATE_YEST}; echo "${LOGDIR}/${LOGFILE}_${DATE_YEST} 于$(date "+%F-%R")切割完成">> /tmp/logrecord.log elif [ "$JUDGE" == "1" -a "$UNIT" == "G" ]; then #文件的切割 split -l 50000 ${LOGDIR}/${LOGFILE}_${DATE_YEST} -d -a 3 ${LOGDIR}/${DATE_YEAR}/${DATE_MON}/${DATE_DAY}/${LOGFILE}_${DATE_YEST}_ #切割完成后删除文件并将操作记录的文件中 [ "$?" == "0" ] && rm -f ${LOGDIR}/${LOGFILE}_${DATE_YEST}; echo "${LOGDIR}/${LOGFILE}_${DATE_YEST} 于$(date "+%F-%R")切割完成">> /tmp/logrecord.log else #如果不足4M直接移动到相应目录下 mv ${LOGDIR}/${LOGFILE}_${DATE_YEST} ${LOGDIR}/${DATE_YEAR}/${DATE_MON}/${DATE_DAY}/${LOGFILE}_${DATE_YEST} [ "$?" == "0" ] && echo "${LOGDIR}/${LOGFILE}_${DATE_YEST} 于$(date "+%F-%R")切割完成" >> /tmp/logrecord.log fi else echo "$(date) 执行了一次脚本" >>/tmp/logrecord.log #每正确执行一次该循环向文件中输入 fi sleep 1h #睡她一小时 done ```

•   shell脚本
•   2017-03-17
•   评论
•   2485 次浏览

计算两数值之间的和-第三版

``` #!/bin/bash #Version:0.3.5 #Author:stone #Discription:get sum. a=1 #给变量赋初始值，用于case选择、数组下标和退出判断 sum=0 #用于累加 function sm() { #以下为调用数组for计算循环 for ((i=$1;i<=$2;i+=$3)); do sum=$(($sum+$i)) done echo $sum } function cho() #用于选择返回的输入值的位置 { while :; do case $1 in 2) echo -e "\033[32m1-返回最小值输入.\033[0m" #打印给用户的提示 echo -e "\033[32m2-返回最大值输入.\033[0m" echo -e "\033[32m直接回车返回当前默认层.\033[0m" echo -n -e "\033[31m请输入返回哪一个层级：\033[0m" read n #从键盘获取一个返回层级值 if [ ! -z $n ]; then #判断从键盘获取的是否为空，空则返回当前默认层级 n1=$(echo $n |sed 's/[0-9]//g') #过滤输入的值 if [ -z $n1 ]; then #判断过滤后的值是否为空 if [ $n -le 2 -a $n -ge 1 ]; then #判断用户输入是否符合当前层级 a=$n #返回用户指定的层级 continue 2 else echo -e "\033[31m请输入1或者2！\033[0m" fi else echo -e "\033[31m输入不是纯数字！\033[0m" fi else a=$a continue 2 fi ;; 3) echo -e "\033[32m1-返回最小值输入.\033[0m" #打印给用户的提示 echo -e "\033[32m2-返回最大值输入.\033[0m" echo -e "\033[32m3-返回增量值输入.\033[0m" echo -n -e "\033[31m请输入返回哪一个层级：\033[0m" #代替read -p颜色输出 read n #从键盘获取一个返回层级值 if [ ! -z $n ]; then #对获取的值进行判断 n1=$(echo $n |sed 's/[0-9]//g') #过滤用户的输入 if [ -z $n1 ]; then #判断过滤后的值是否为空，空则返回当前错误层级 if [ $n -le 3 -a $n -ge 1 ]; then #判断输入的数值是否符合当前层级范围 a=$n #返回用户指定的层级 continue 2 else echo -e "\033[31m请输入1或者2或者3！\033[0m" fi else echo -e "\033[31m输入不是纯数字！\033[0m" fi else a=$a continue 2 fi ;; esac done } while :; do case $a in #case选择语句使用a变量进行修正每一次的值 1) echo -n -e "\033[31m请输入累加的初始值:\033[0m" read num1 ;; 2) echo -n -e "\033[31m请输入累加的最大值:\033[0m" read num2 ;; 3) echo -n -e "\033[31m请输入累加的自增量:\033[0m" read num3 ;; esac tnum=num${a} #变量的嵌套，将case语句选择后的值(num${a}中的值)，赋值给tnum eval number=$(echo \$$tnum) #变量的嵌套，使用eval，将$$tnum当做两条命令执行，即$tnum的值作为前面"$"的参数 if [ ! -z "$number" ]; then #判断输入值是否不空，空则执行下一个循环 n=$(echo $number|sed 's/[0-9]//g') #判断输入是否是纯数字 if [ -z $n ]; then ar[$a]=$number #将输入的值赋值给数组 if [ $a -eq 2 ]; then #判断最大值是否已经赋值，如果已经赋值则判断大小 if [ ${ar[1]} -gt ${ar[2]} ]; then #判断起始数值是否大于结束数值 echo -e "\033[31m你输入的起始数字大于结束数字!\033[0m" a=2 #确定a的值，由于在上一层有过判断，此处可省 cho $a #函数的调用 fi fi if [ $a -eq 3 ]; then #判断赋值是否结束，结束则退出循环 price=$((${ar[2]}-${ar[1]})) if [ ${ar[3]} -gt $price ]; then #判断增量值（步长）是否符合标准 a=3 #确定a的值，由于在上一层有过判断，此处可省 echo -e "\033[31m你输入的增量值不符合要求！\033[0m" cho $a #函数的调用 else sm ${ar[*]} #调用函数进行计算 exit fi fi let a++ #变量用于数组下标，同时也用于case判断 continue else a=$a #任何一次输入不为纯数字时返回相应的case语句 echo -e "\033[31m你输入的不是纯数字\033[0m" continue fi else a=$a #任何一次输入为空时返回执行相应的case语句 echo -e "\033[31m输入不能为空!\033[0m" continue fi done ```

•   shell脚本
•   2017-03-16
•   评论
•   2540 次浏览

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